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Anthropophagy: TRUE CANNIBALISM!

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Anthropophagy:
The practice of Cannibalism, the eating of human flesh by humans.
 
can·ni·bal:
From Spanish Caníbalis, name (as recorded by Christopher Columbus) of the allegedly cannibalistic Caribs of Cuba and Haiti, from earlier Carib karibna, person, Carib
 
 
W. Arens
The Man-eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979

Arens is (or at least was, at the time of writing this book)
Associate professor of Anthropology, State University of New York at
Stony Brook.

In this book, Arens attempts to track down and examine the evidence
for cannibalism as a feature of any society. That is, he excludes the
acts of rare lunatics such as Dahmer, and occasional desperate
survival acts such as the Donner Party or the "Alive" events. He's
interested in whether any society, ever, has accepted cannibalism.
He seems to have examined just about every society accused of
cannibalism - Africa, New Guinea, North America, the Aztecs,
prehistoric man, and so on. He tries to find credible witnesses to
the act and (in a process that will be familiar to anyone who's tried
to find the source of an urban legend) generally manages only to find
that the so-called witnesses are only recounting what they've been
told.

He points out that many explorers' descriptions of cannibalism are
inherently unreliable, because the Spanish royal proclamation of 1503
specifically permitted the use of cannibals - and only cannibals -
for slaves.

The expected scramble for the profit to be made in human bondage
followed immediately. Islands once thought to be inhabited by Arawak
upon closer examination turned out in reality to be overrun with
hostile cannibals. Slowly but surely great areas were recognized as
Carib and their enslavement legalized (Newson 1976:72). Thus the
operational definition of cannibalism in the sixteenth century was
resistance to foreign invasion followed by being sold into slavery,
which was held to be a higher status than freedom under aboriginal
conditions.

He finds a handful of documents that purport to be by direct
witnesses of cannibalism. In each case he throws doubt on either the
credibility of the witness (pointing out, for example, that Hans
Staden, a seaman who claimed to have observed cannibalism by the
Tupinamamba Indians in the 16th century, claimed also to have
understood conversations by the Tupinamamba in detail on the first
day of his capture as they discussed where and how to eat him; not to
mention that common sailors in the 16th century were not known for
their literacy and ability to write books about their experiences),
or on the accuracy of their observation (Dole in 1962 described an
apparent cannibalism ritual, but Arens notes that her description of
the bones changes on occasion, suggesting that either she has left
out steps of the ritual preparation or failed to observe them -
allowing for substitution).

With regard to the Dole's description, Arens says:

The reader who thinks this sort of careful combing of the text is
uncalled-for should remember that this is the one and only
description by an anthropologist who explicitly claims to have
witnessed cannibalism. If the custom of eating the dead was well
documented and confirmed independently by others then such an
approach as the one guiding this study would be unnecessarily
tedious.

In various chapters, Arens considers and dismisses as second-hand
such sources as various explorers, who generally seem to have entered
an area *just* after the tribe (or, more often, the neighbouring
tribe) has given up cannibalism; Jesuit missionaries in North
America, who turn out never to have actually been eyewitnesses to the
event (Arens cites "the collected documents of the Jesuit
missionaries (Thwaites 1969) for this); and Carleton Gajdusek, who
initially popularized the idea that kuru was spread among the Fore in
New Guinea by cannibalism. Oddly, the Fore had given up cannibalism
*just* before Gajdusek arrived there. (Arens adds, "While this book
was in press, Gajdusek began to treat the cannibal notion more
cautiously, since he is now quoted as saying that 'there has been so
far no convincing evidence that the infections can be acquired by
eating or drinking affected material or by any means other than
direct invasion of the bloodstream' (Schmeck 1978:16)."

I'm not able to fully judge Arens' case. Perhaps he's ignored some
documents that are more convincing than the ones he discusses;
perhaps he's misrepresented the contents of some he does mention. But
the book is clearly not aiming at notoriety, and if his descriptions
are remotely accurate then - at the very least - societies that
accept cannibalism are and always have been extremely rare.

Personally, I find it very convincing, and I think that the burden of
proof is now on those who disagree with Arens to show convincingly
why he's wrong.


http://tafkac.org/books/man-eating_myth.html

Read Also:

Cannibalism Paradigm:

Assessing Contact Period Ethnohistorical Discourse.

©2004 James Q. Jacobs

In my experience it is commonplace in academic discourse, in educational media, and in popular media to assert that human sacrifice and cannibalism were practiced on a large scale in prehispanic America. At the same time, I have not been able to find a satisfactory eyewitness report of either activity in the numerous ethnohistorical writings from the Contact era. I employ the term "cannibalism paradigm" to describe this gap between the admissible evidence and the hearsay that informs modern beliefs about practices of consuming human flesh.

Paradigms are the biases, preconceptions and assumptions, both conscious and unconscious, that inform thought and views of reality. Kuhn (1996) described the paradigm concept and analyzed the role of paradigms in scientific thought. More recently, Clark (1993) discussed paradigms in archaeology. With evidence of cannibalism in archaeological contexts , assumptions underlie any statement that cannibalism was practiced. Even with the best possible bioarchaeological evidence of a signature of cannibalism (see Turner and Turner 1999:53), there is only a well-supported inference that flesh was eaten. Typically, there is no certain way to demonstrate that human flesh actually was eaten. In the case of anthropology, an assumption relevant to cannibalism and human sacrifice is the acceptance of ethnohistorical reports as true. In other instances, cannibalism claims not supported by physical evidence have found popular acceptance. Almost all instances of assertions that cannibalism has existed, from the most scientific approaches to fanciful popular literature, fall within the cannibalism paradigm concept.

Given the degree of reliance in purported cases of cannibalism and sacrifice on reports of explorers, conquerors, and missionaries, it is important to examine and analyze the context of the sources, their particular historical and cultural settings, the paradigms, prejudices, and biases that inform their statements, the political, social, and religious context of their experience, and the motivations underlying their activities and viewpoints. It is also important to examine the history of the documentation containing the hearsay evidence so critical to contemporary paradigms. Such a critical analysis is essential before relying on ethnohistorical data when inferring anthropophagic practices in archaeological contexts.

To Read the Whole Article, Please Visit:

http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/cannibalism.html

"With every piece of flesh I ate I remembered him," Meiwes told the
judge. "It was like taking communion."


               TRUE-CANNIBALS  =  EURO-SWINES!
 
Chase Chikatilo Fish Kemper
Toole Kurten Dahmer Harmaan
 
CANNIBALS!
 
FOR A LONG LIST OF TRUE-CANNIBALS, PLEASE VISIT:
http://www.mayhem.net/Crime/serial.html
 
Alleged cannibal tried for murder
Wednesday, December 3, 2003 Posted: 9:45 PM EST (0245 GMT)


BERLIN, Germany (CNN) -- A German computer technician accused of
killing, dismembering and eating the flesh of a man who agreed to
the deal over the Internet has gone on trial for murder.

Armin Meiwes, whose trial started on Wednesday, is charged with
murder as no crime of cannibalism exists in Germany. The case is the
first of its kind in the country.

 

...  Meiwes admitted to killing the victim and said there was "hundreds,
thousands" of people who wanted to eat humans or be eaten.

He cut off part of the victim's body before the pair ate it
together. Meiwes then cut up the victim, storing his body in a
freezer and eating it over the following months.

"With every piece of flesh I ate I remembered him," Meiwes told the
judge. "It was like taking communion."

http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/12/03/germany.cannibal.trial/

Vlad Tepes (Vlad the Impaler), AKA Prince Dracula
Dates: 1431-1476

"Dracul": Prince of the Order of the Dragon (Dracul=Dragon,
also "Devil")

Founded 1387 by Holy Roman Emperor
Wore black cape and dragon insignia medallion
Place: Transylvania

Ruled in Romania near Black Sea
For some astonishing images of "Draculand, plus a fascinating travel
diary, consult the "Dracula Home Page" maintained by Professor
Elizabeth Miller of Newfoundland, Canada. Here is a sample (images
are being called from her site, so be patient. They are worth the
wait)
http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/
...
Reputation for Cruelty

May have killed tens or even 100,000 people, especially by impaling
and torture.
Killed "unchaste" women, "bad" wives
Killed entire families and villages suspected of disloyalty
Killed off poor workers, blind, crippled, sick,vagabonds, beggars,
etc. by burning them to death at a banquet
Nailed hats to heads of certain religious visitors
Allegedly liked to watch victims suffer and die; allegedly practiced
cannibalism or drank blood
Became known as vampire from words = "blood-monster" or "blood-
drinker"

http://www.uh.edu/~cfreelan/vampires/tepes.html

Movie: [based on a factual event!]
'Alive'
(dir. Frank Marshall)
The surprisingly white men of the Uruguayan rugby team must fend for
themselves when their plane crashes into the breathtaking peaks of
the Chilean Andes. Things get much worse after a plane sighted
overhead encourages the survivors to consume nearly all of the
remaining food, and they are ultimately forced to eat their frozen
dead in order to survive the 72 days until their rescue. It's a
miserable two hours of a film, full of slow death, Ethan Hawke, and
awful dialogue. But there is a single scene that manages to capture
an ounce of human spirit, of pure childhood joy--a scene that says no
matter how many fistfuls of human buttock you have choked down to
escape death by starvation, the magic of sledding down a perfect
slope of fast, deep snow is undeniable. JASON PAGANO


http://www.thestranger.com/2000-12-14/video_revue.html

Alive

... Bodies are arranged with their faces in the snow. Those who
remain apparently did not want to know just who they were eating.
From that position pieces of meat are cut from their bodies to be
shared. Icey cold slivers of beef are passed around, and swallowed
with great difficulty. A few of the strongest survivors are given the
largest portion of the meat so that they can attempt to climb higher
up the peak of the mountain to try to reach help and attract
attention to airplanes or anything that may be flying over.


http://www.movieprop.com/tvandmovie/reviews/alive.htm
 
The Donner Party:

. . . After wandering about a number of days bewildered in the
snow, their provisions gave out, and long hunger made it necessary to resort to that horrid recourse casting lots to see who should give up life, that their bodies might be used for food for the remainder. But at this time the weaker began to die which rendered it unnecessary to take life, and as they died the company went into camp and made meat of the dead bodies of their companions. After travelling thirty days, 7 out of the 16 arrived within 15 miles of Capt. Johnson's, the first house of the California settlements; and most singular to relate, all the females that started, 5 women came in safe, and but two of the men, and one of them was brought in on the back of an Indian.

Nine of the men died and seven of them were eaten by their companions—The first person that died was Mr. C.S. Stanton, the young man who so generously returned to the company with Capt. Sutter's two Indian vaqueros and provisions; his body was left on the snow. The last two that died was Capt. Sutter's two Indian vaqueros and their bodies were used as food by the seven that came in. The company left behind, numbers sixty odd souls; ten men, the balance women and children. They are in camp about 100 miles from Johnson's, the first house after leaving the mountains, or 150 from fort Sacramento. Those who have come in say that Capt. Sutter's seven mules were stolen by the Indians a few days after they reached the company, and that when they had left, the company had provisions sufficient to last them until the middle of February.
http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/donner.html

 

August 30, 2000
Some Ironies of the Essex and of Whaling
Real Audio

Whaling is filled with ironies; The tragedy of the Essex expecially so. For example:

When the Essex was wrecked, Captain Pollard estimated that their best chance would be to strike out for Tahiti, only two to three weeks' sail away-a distance for which they had sufficient food, and favorable winds. But the Essex was one of the first Nantucket whaleships ever to have sailed so far west of South America, and at that time in history, Pollard and his crew had no idea what lay to their West. The first and Second mates feared cannibals and Pollard lacked the self-confidence to impose his will on them by insisting on making for Tahiti anyway. So against his better judgement he made sail for the far more distant Easter Island, and ultimately the South American coast, a decision that in the end made sure that he and his crew would encounter cannibals-they themselves.

When Captain Pollard and his crew had nearly starved to death, it was Pollard who still refused to entertain the thought of resorting to cannibalism. Yet later, under pressure from his young cousin, Owen Coffin, he approved it, and having done so, watched as his cousin Owen drew the short straw, and became the first victim.

The crew member who first suggested resorting to cannibalism was 16 year-old Charles Ramsdell, Owen Coffin's boyhood friend. When the crew drew straws a second time to see who had to assassinate Coffin, the short straw came to Ramsdell who not only had to kill his friend but later share with the others in eating his flesh.

One of the ultimate ironies concerning whaling is that the owners of the Nantucket whaling ships like the Essex were usually devout Quakers whose meeting houses, in which the universal non-violence of man against man was promoted, were lighted by the same sperm whale oil that made these men rich-a product of one of the most brutally violent ways of killing an animal ever devised. Here were God-fearing men whose ships succeded because their sailors employed such tricks as turning a mother whale's brave defense of her calf into her undoing: they harpooned the calf first, then, rather than killing it, let its agonizing struggles draw the mother within range.

As Melville said: "There is no folly of the beasts of the earth which is not infinitely outdone by the madness of men."

© 2000 - Roger Payne

http://www.pbs.org/odyssey/voice/20000830_vos_transcript.html


PBS.org and the Donner Party
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/donner/

On cannibalism, monsters, and murder in Greek mythology
http://monsters.monstrous.com/other.htm
 
 
 
 
Deuteronomy 28:53-57 (also Lev 26:29)
2 Kings 6:26-29
Jeremiah 19:9 (also Ezek 5:10)
Lamentations 4:10
 
John 6:53-56

Jesus said to them, "I tell you the truth, unless you eat the flesh
of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is real food and my
blood is real drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood
remains in me, and I in him.

Cannibalism in Homer and Mark's Gospel

http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/cannibalism.html
Joseph Francis Alward

ESSAYS

by Michel de Montaigne

translated by Charles Cotton

IV. OF CANNIBALS.
 
"Of Cannibals" - http://www.best.com/~glad/montaigne/essay04.html
This essay explores the idea of the "noble savage" about two hundred
years before Rousseau coined the term. Characteristic of many early
essays, Montaigne's work tends to be loose in its structure. You will
at times feel as though he strays from his thesis. Use this
exploratory style to your advantage. You will be able to connect his
varied ideas on utopias to those in the longer works. Each of the
other pieces of literature contains several of his precepts on
society.

http://www.ih.k12.oh.us/hs/ENG/summerap2002.htm
 
Daniel Defoe was born in St. Giles, Cripplegate, London, about
1660. . . Between 1718 and 1723 he published "Robinson Crusoe," "Moll
Flanders," and "A Journal of the Plague Year."

ROBINSON CRUSOE
"I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family,
though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen,
who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and
leaving off his trade lived afterward at York, from whence he had
married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a good family
in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznear; but
by the usual corruption of words in England we are now called, nay,
we call ourselves, and write our name, Crusoe, and so my companions
always called me."
http://www.literatureclassics.com/etexts/348/2367/

"We March Out Against the Cannibals":

http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/crusoe.html

CHAPTER XVI - RESCUE OF PRISONERS FROM CANNIBALS

http://www.literatureclassics.com/etexts/348/2367/
 
See Also:

In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. From the journal of Christopher Columbus:
http://depts.washington.edu/chid/chid110/lectures99/week7/three/
 
Hansel and Gretel
Hansel and Gretel is a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm.
 
Lost in the forest, they find a house made of bread (later changed to
gingerbread), with sugar windows, which they begin to eat. The
inhabitant of the house, an old woman, invites them in and prepares a
feast for them. The woman, however, is a witch who has built the
house to entice children to her, so that she may fatten them, and eat
them. She cages Hansel, and makes Gretel her servant. While she
prepares to boil Hansel, she tells Gretel to climb into an oven to be
sure it is ready to bake, but Gretel guesses the witch intends to
bake her, and tricks the witch into climbing herself into the oven,
and closes it behind her.

 
La Raza Cosmica by Jose Vasconcelos.
Translated by J. Manuel Urrutia
 
Vasconcelos Ends the prologue with the following paragraph:



"In any case, the most optimistic conclusion that one may derive from
the observed facts is that even the most contradictory mix among the
races can be resolved most benefically as long as the spiritual
factor contributes to enhance them. In fact, the decadence of the
Asian peoples is attributable to their isolation, but also mainly
and without a doubt to the fact that they have not been
Christianized. A religion like Christianity advanced the American
indians, in a few centuries, from cannibalism to a relative
civilization."

 http://mysite.verizon.net/res1uo0x/id25.html
 
José Vasconcelos
La Raza Cósmica
Misión de la raza iberoamericana
 
 
 

 
The De Brys show us cannibalism and slaughter -- Indians killing and
eating Spaniards, Spaniards killing Indians. Strange Shaman rites,
along with everyday industry. They stirred in a thematic gallery of
recurring grotesque figures. Anthropologist Bernadette Bucher speaks
of the semantic wealth and insidious power of this new pictorial mass
medium.

 
Linda Serianni
When Worlds Collide
 
 
Q?: porque se les dice Leyendas y Mitos, y no simplemente
Sacrificios Humanos entre los Europeos? En cambio cuando se trata
sobre los Aztecas, se dicen: Sacrificio Humanos entre los Aztecas y
otros pueblos Indios???
 
Human Sacrifice in Legends and Myths:
 

Difference & Desire 

http://academic.evergreen.edu/curricular/dd2001/week2.htm

The Nuremberg Chronicle (Liber Chronicarum)

http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/Exhibits/Nuremberg/Worldview.html

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

http://www.romanization.com/books/mandeville/

Christopher Columbus
by
Thomas C. Tirado, Ph.D.
Professor History
Millersville University

Background to the Age of Discovery:

http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/columbus.html

For further info. regarding the book: David E. Stannard's,

'American Holocaust'

http://liberalslikechrist.org/about/amholocaust-1.html

http://www.eyapaha.net/stannardexcerpt.html

http://hallamericanhistory.com/americas/682.shtml

http://www.hawaii.edu/amst/people_stannard.htm

http://thirdworldtraveler.com/History/Prologue_AH.html

http://www.netstoreusa.com/hjbooks/019/0195085574.shtml



 
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