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HOW COLUMBUS CREATED THE CANNIBALS |
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The International Jew |
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Anthropophagy: TRUE CANNIBALISM! |
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Sacrificios Humanos entre los Mexicas, Realidad o Fantasia? |
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Death Be Not Strange |
Jack D. Forbes: Eurocentric Concepts Harm Native People and What Do We Mean By America and American |
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Nuestra Cultura Indígena |
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The Role of Disease in 'Conquest' |
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"Religious Aspects of the Conquest of Mexico" |
There is no word for 'Devil' in the Nahuatl Language |
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The Finding and Founding of Tenochtitlan |
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Of the basis which the Indians have for worshipping the sun |
ADDENDUM II: The Florentine Codex |
Rabinal Achi: Act Four--Inside the Fortress |
Cultural Visibility and the Cora |
Los Voladores and the Return of the Ancestors |
War Songs of the Tenochka |
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Viva Mi General Francisco Villa! |
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Teotecpillatolli |
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Second Chapter, Which Telleth of the Moon |
Men Who Became Gods! |
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In Ixiptla In Teteo! |
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In Blood and Fire!! |
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Sun Tzu: Arte de Guerra |
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Mushashi: Cinco Anillos |
Sixth Chapter, which telleth of the men, the valiant men |
Seeds of Revolt in the Americas: Synopsis |
'Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders' & 'License To Kill' |
CALIFORNIA SENATE BILL No. 670 |
Jose Ortega Y Gasset: On Plato's 'Republic' and On Forms of Government |
Thomas Paine (17371809). Common Sense. 1776 [Excerpts] |
Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality |
Introduction to Deloria's "We Talk, You Listen" |
My Tayta Jose Maria and the Indian aspect of the Peruvian Revolution |
TO THE SUNDANCE NATIONS OF THE GREAT PLAINS |
Philip Deere, Longest Walk speech |
Bacbi'awak: 'Made To Die' |
Born Gods! |
Prologue: "The Stars We Know: Crow Indian Astronomy and Life-ways" |
Black Elk Speaks: Visions of the Other World |
Miantinomo, Acuera, and Tecumseh, Hatuey Speaks |
Chief Seattle Speaks |
Chief Red Cloud Speaks |
Hopi: A Message for All People |
On Judeo-Christianity |
"LET'S MAKE A SLAVE" by Willie Lynch |
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¿Quién Gobierna el Mundo? |
Frida Kahlo is Not Our Hero! |
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Germs, Plagues, Famine,
The Plague Ravages the City
While the
Spaniards were in Tlaxcala, a great plague broke out here in Tenochtitlan. It began to spread during the thirteenth month
and lasted for seventy days, striking every where in the city and killing a vast number of our people. Sores erupted
on our faces, our breasts, our bellies; we were covered with agonizing sores from head to foot.
The illness was
so dreadful that no one could walk or move. The sick were so utterly helpless that they could only lie on their beds like corpses,
unable to move their limbs or even their heads. They could not lie face down or roll from one side to the other. If they
did move their bodies, they screamed with pain.
A great many died from this plague, and many others died of hunger. hey
could not getup to search for food, and everyone else was too sick to care for them, so they starved to death in their
beds.
Some people came down with a milder form of the disease; they suffered less than the others and made a good
recovery. But they could not escape entirely. Their looks were ravaged, for wherever a sore broke out, it gouged an
ugly pockmark in the skin. And a few of the survivors were left completely blind.
The first cases were reported
in Cuatlan. By the time the danger was recognized, the plague was so well established that nothing could halt it, and
eventually it spread all the way to Chalco. Then its virulence diminished considerably, though there were isolated cases for
many months after. The first victims were stricken during the fiesta of Teotlecco and the faces of our warriors were not
clean and free of sores until the fiesta of Panquetzaliztli.
-----------------------------
Our cries of grief rise up and our tears
rain down, for Tlatelolco is lost. The Aztecs are fleeing across the lake; they are running away like women.
How
can we save our homes, my people? The Aztecs are deserting the city: the city is in flames, and all is darkness and
destruction.
Motelchiuhtzin the Huiznahuacatl, Tlacotzin the Tlailotlacatl, Oquitzin the Tlacatecuhtli are
greeted with tears.
Weep, my people: know that with these disasters we have lost the Mexican nation. The water
has turned bitter, our food is bitter! These are the acts of the Giver of Life. . .
Invasion:
JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA CONQUISTA Y DOMINACIÓN
DE LOS INDÍGENAS AMERICANOS
Por Oswaldo Albornoz Peralta
http://www.uv.es/~pla/solidaritat/justconq.htm
De larga vida la tal tesis, llega a América con la espada de los
conquistadores y la cruz de los misioneros. Y aquí, en algunos casos, se radicaliza hasta el extremo de sostener que los indios
americanos carecen de alma y no pertenecen a la especie humana. El Papa, para no amenguar la labor evangelizadora, tiene que
intervenir y decir que sí tienen alma y que, por tanto, son hombres. Pablo III, en su bula Sublimis Deus –1537–
tiene que declarar esto:
Nos, que aunque indignos, ejercemos en la tierra el poder de Nuestro
Señor… consideramos sin embargo que los indios son verdaderos hombres y que no solo son capaces de entender la fe católica,
sino que, de acuerdo con nuestras informaciones, se hallan deseosos de recibirla. (1)
Pero si bien la bula aludida saca de la animalidad al indígena,
no por eso se libra de la inferioridad, calidad indispensable para justificar la conquista. Así el dominico Francisco de Vitoria,
uno de los que sostienen que es justa causa de guerra la oposición de los bárbaros a la propagación del Evangelio,
dice esto sobre los indios:
Esos bárbaros, aunque, como se ha dicho, no sean del todo incapaces,
distan, sin embargo, tan poco de los retrasados mentales que parece no son idóneos para constituir y administrar una república
legítima dentro de los límites humanos y políticos. Por lo cual no tienen leyes adecuadas, ni magistrados, ni siquiera son
suficientemente capaces para gobernar la familia. Hasta carecen de ciencias y artes, no sólo liberales sino también mecánicas,
y de una agricultura diligente, de artesanías y de otras muchas comodidades que son hasta necesarias para la vida humana.
(2)
Más radical y menos dubitativo es el famoso fray Ginés de Sepúlveda.
En su Tratado sobre las justas causas de la guerra contra los indios no se cansa de buscar motivos para justificar
el sometimiento de los indígenas americanos, para lo cual acumula sobre ellos, junto con la consabida falta de razón, una
serie de vicios y defectos. Y para su condena a los que llama hombrecillos con apenas vestigios de humanidad se basa,
no sólo en Aristóteles, sino en San Agustín, Santo Tomás de Aquino y algunos pasajes bíblicos. Oídle:
Con perfecto derecho los españoles ejercen su dominio sobre estos
bárbaros del Nuevo Mundo e islas adyacentes, los cuales en prudencia, ingenio y todo género de virtudes y humanos sentimientos
son tan inferiores a los españoles como los niños a los adultos, las mujeres a los varones, como gentes crueles e inhumanos
a muy mansos, exageradamente intemperantes a continentes y moderados, finalmente, estoy por decir cuanto los monos a los hombres.
La justa guerra es causa de la justa esclavitud, la cual contraída
por el derecho de gentes, lleva consigo la pérdida de la libertad y de los bienes. (3)
Otro religioso, el dominico Tomás Ortiz, envía al Consejo de Indias
una larguísima diatriba contra los indios caribes, donde constan los dos pequeños párrafos que copiamos a continuación:
Los hombres de tierra firme de Indias comen carne humana, y son
sodomíticos más que ninguna otra generación. Ninguna justicia hay entre ellos, andan desnudos, no tienen amor ni vergüenza,
son como asnos, abobados, alocados, insensatos; no tienen en nada matarse ni matar…
Cuando más crecen se hacen peores; hasta los diez o doce años parecen
que han de salir con alguna crianza; pero de allí en adelante se vuelven como brutos animales; en fin, digo que nunca crió
Dios tan cocida gente en vicios y bestialidades, sin mezcla de bondad o cortesía. (8)
Entre las varias acusaciones a los indígenas de América, únicamente
citaremos esta, referente a los indios de la Isla Española:
Facilísimamente se juntan con las mujeres, y aun como cuervos o
víboras, y peor; dejando aparte que son grandísimos sodomitas, holgazanes, mentirosos, ingratos, mudables y ruines. (11)
Para leer el articulo, click: http://www.uv.es/~pla/solidaritat/justconq.htm
----------------------------------
Slaughter of the Innocents:
Our people describe the beginning of the terrible slaughter perpetrated
by Pedro de Alvarado in the patio of the main temple in Tenochtitlan. After mentioning the first rituals of the fiesta
that was being celebrated-a fiesta in which "song was linked to song"- they tell how the Spaniards entered the sacred
patio:
"They ran in among the dancers, forcing their way to the place where the drums were played. They attacked
the man who was drumming and cut off his arms. Then they cut off his head, and it rolled across the floor.
They
attacked all the celebrants, stabbing them, spearing them, striking them with their swords. They attacked some of them
from behind, and these fell instantly to the ground with their entrails hanging out. Others they beheaded: they cut
off their heads, or split their heads to pieces.
They struck others in the shoulders, and their arms were torn from their
bodies. They wounded some in the thigh and some in the calf. They slashed others in the abdomen, and their entrails all
spilled to the ground. Some attempted to run away, but their intestines dragged as they ran; they seemed to tangle their
feet in their own entrails.
No matter how they tried to save themselves, they could find no escape."
----------------------------------
The Massacre in the Main Temple During the Fiesta of Toxcatl
The Spaniards Attack the Celebrants
At this moment in the fiesta, when the dance was loveliest and
when song was linked to song, the Spaniards were seized with an urge to kill the celebrants. They all ran forward, armed
as if for battle. They closed the entrances and passageways, all the gates of the patio: the Eagle Gate in the lesser
palace, the Gate of the Canestalk and the Gate of the serpent of mirrors.
They posted guards so that no one could
escape, and then rushed into the Sacred Patio to slaughter the celebrants. They came on foot, carrying their swords
and their wooden or metal shields
They ran in among the dancers, forcing their way to the place where the drums
were played. They attacked the man who was drumming and cut off his arms. Then they cut off his head, and it rolled across
the floor.
They attacked all the celebrants, stabbing them, spearing them, striking them with their swords. They
attacked some of them from behind, and these fell instantly to the ground with their entrails hanging out. Others they
beheaded: they cut off their heads, or split their heads to pieces.
They struck others in the shoulders, and their
arms were torn from their bodies. They wounded some in the thigh and some in the calf. They slashed others in the abdomen,
and their entrails all spilled to the ground. Some attempted to run away, but their intestines dragged as they ran;
they seemed to tangle their feet in their own entrails. No matter how they tried to save themselves, they could find no escape.
Some
attempted to force their way out, but the Spaniards murdered them at the gates. Others climbed the walls, but they could
not save themselves. Those who ran into the communal houses were safe there for a while; so were those who lay down
among the victims and pretended to be dead. But if they stood up again, the Spaniards saw them and killed them.
The
blood of the warriors flowed like water and gathered into pools. The pools widened, and the stench of blood and entrails
filled the air. The Spaniards ran into the communal houses to kill those who were hiding. They ran everywhere and searched
everywhere; they invaded every room, hunting and killing.
...
The Mexica woman cries out: "Mexicanos, come running' They are crossing
the canal! Our enemies are escaping!"
The Priest of Huitzilopochtli calls out: "Captains, warriors, Mexicanos!
Our enemies are escaping! Follow them in your boats. Cut them off, and destroy them!
---------------------------------------------------
"Mexicanos, now is the time! "
Warriors of Anahuak, now is the time! Who are these barbarians? Let them come ahead!
The Aztecs took their
prisoners to Yacacolco, hurrying them along the road under the strictest guard. Some of the captives were weeping, some
were keening, and others were beating their palms against their mouths.
When they arrived in Yacacolco, they were
lined up in long rows. The Spaniards went first, then their allies, and all were put to death.
As soon as the Mexica
executed the Spaniards, the Aztecs ranged the Spaniards' heads in rows on pikes. They also lined up their horses' heads.
They placed the horses' heads at the bottom and the heads of the Spaniards above, and arranged them all so that the faces
were toward the sun. However, they did not display any of the allies' heads. All told, fifty-three Spaniards and four
horses were sacrificed there in Yacacolco.
The fighting continued in many different places. At one point, the allies
from Xochimilco surrounded us in their canoes, and the toll of the dead and captured was heavy on both sides.
-------------------------------------------
Gritan sus jefes, sus principales y dicen:
-Señores nuestros,
mexicanos, tlatelolcas . . .
Un poco nos queda . . . No hacemos más que guardar nuestras casas.
No se han
de adueñar de los almacenes, del producto de nuestra tierra.
Aquí está vuestro sustento, el sostén de la vida, el
maíz.
***
No os desaniméis, no perdáis el espíritu. ¿A dónde hemos de ir?
¡Mexicanos somos, tlatelolcas
somos!
***
Mexicanos, -¿No más estáis allí parados? . . . ¿No os da vergüenza? ¡No habrá mujer que
en tiempo alguno se pinte la cara para vosotros! . . .
Acaso no sois Mexicanos?
...
Warriors of Tenochtitlan, come here! Your enemies are here! "
"Mexicanos,
come here and join us! Who are these savages? A mere rabble from the south!"'
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Friars:
Sahagun on Tezcatlipoca:
We know in times past, everywhere here in New Spain, Tezcatlipoca was
worshipped. They also named him Titlacauan, and Yaotl, Necoc Yaotl, Moyocoya, Necaualpilli. This Tezcatlipoca, the ancients
said, was a true god; his abode was everywhere—in the land of the dead, on earth, in heaven. When he walked upon
the earth he quickened war; he quickened vice, filth; he brought anguish, affliction to men; he brought discord among
men; wherefore he was called "the enemy on both sides." He mocked men; he ridiculed men. He was called wind, shadow.
This wicked Tezcatlipoca, we know, is Lucifer, the great devil who there in the midst of Heaven, even in the beginning,
began war, vice, filth. From there he was cast out, from there he fell. But he walked here upon earth deceiving men,
tricking men. This Tezcatlipoca Titlacauan is a great devil. The ancients worshipped him, and they celebrated his feast
day in the month of Toxcatl, and they slew his representation, whom they named Titlacauan. So much were the ancients
in confusion.
-------------------------
From the Spanish Chronicles of Bishop Diego de
Landa
The Indians sadly received the yoke of slavery. And although the Spaniards had the country well
divided and under control, the Indians were not lacking for trouble makers who tried to incite them, resulting in cruel
chastisements which caused, in turn, a decrease in the native population. They burned alive some principal lords in
Copal province and hanged others. A charge was levied against Yobain, the town of the Chels, and they seized the leaders and
put them in chains in a house and set it afire, burning them with the greatest inhumanity in the world.
And I, Diego
de Landa, saw a tree near this town on which the captain hanged many Indian women from the branches and hanged their children
by the feet. And in this same town and in another called Verey, two leagues from there, they hanged two Indian women, one
a virgin, and the other newly-married, for no other crime than that they were beautiful and feared that the Spanish
camp would be disturbed by them. By doing this they showed the Indians that the Spaniards were not interested in their
women. These two are not forgotten, neither by the Indians nor the Spanish, but are remembered still for their great
beauty and for the cruel way in which they were killed.
And when the Indians in the provinces of Cochua and the
Chetumal revolted, the Spaniards put down the rebellion in such a way that these provinces, once the most thickly settled,
became the least populated of any in the country. They committed unheard-of cruelties, cutting off hands, noses, arms
and legs, cutting off the breasts of women and throwing the women themselves into deep lagoons with gourds tied to their
feet. And they stabbed the little children because they could not walk as fast as their mothers. And if those who walked
chained together by the neck became ill, or didn't move as fast as the others, they cut off their heads so that they
would not have to stop and unchain them. The great number of women captives in the procession were treated the same way
as the men.
* * *
If it was the devil who put together this compilation of the Katuns, he did
it, as usual, to glorify himself, or if it was a man, he must have been a great idolator because with these Katuns he added
to all the principal tricks and omens and deceptions by which these people, in their miseries, were totally deceived.
And although this was the science to which they gave the most credit and credence, not even all the priests knew how
to interpret it . . . We found a large number of these books of characters, but since they contained nothing but superstition
and lies of the devil, WE BURNED THEM ALL WHICH CAUSED THEM TREMENDOUS ANGUISH AND PAIN.
From Diego de Landa,
"Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan," c. 1566,
[Here] beginneth the appendix to Book I, in which the idolatry described
above is refuted by means of sacred scriptural texts translated into the Mexican tongue, the texts sufficiently explained.
Prologue
Ye
who are natives in New Spain, ye Mexicans, ye Tlaxcalans, ye Cholulans, ye Michoaca, and all ye who are vassals dwelling
in the land of the Indies—
Very great was the darkness and the confusion, the unbelief, the idolatry in
which your fathers, your grandfathers, your great- grandfathers left you, as is evident in your ancient scriptures.
Hear
and understand well. For now our Lord, God, hath willed, hath accorded, hath sent to you the brightness, the torch, the
light to reveal the true God, the Creator Who seeth over all His creation.
And confusion, in which you have lived
in all past time, came to you. It has misled and deluded you. But by means of the brightness, the light, you may attain
true faith.
And thus you may accept, you may hear the word of God, here written, which he, your lord, the King of
Spain, hath sent you, as well as God's Vicar, the Holy Father, who dwelleth in Rome.
And for this reason they have
caused this to be done, that you may escape the hands of the devils, and that you may attain the Kingdom of Heaven.
Taken From:
Appendix of the First Book: Whereby
Idolatry is Refuted by means of the Sacred Scriptures; written in the tongue of the Mexicans: declaring the sufficient
texts.
Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernandino de Sahagun. Translated from
the Aztec into English, with notes and illustrations (second edition, revised) by
Anderson, A. J. O; Dibble, C.
E. (in thirteenth parts)
translation by Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno.
*************************************
Letter of
the Council of Huejotzingo to King Philip II, 1560
Our Lord sovereign, you the king don Felipe....
Although the people who are called and named Tlaxcalans indeed helped, yet we strongly pressed them to give aid, and
we admonished them not to make war; but though we so admonished them, they made war and fought for fifteen days. But we,
when a Spaniard was afflicted, without fail at once we managed to reach him.... We do not lie in this, for all the conquerors
know it well, those who have died and some now living.
And when they began their conquest and war-making, then also
we prepared ourselves well to aid them, for out came all of our war gear, our arms and provisions and all our equipment,
and we not merely named someone, we went in person, we who rule, and we brought all our nobles and all of our vassals
to aid the Spaniards. We helped not only in warfare, but we also gave them everything they needed; we fed and clothed
them, and we would carry in our arms and on our backs those whom they wounded in war or who were very ill, and we did all the
tasks in preparing for war. And so that they could fight the Mexica with boats, we worked hard; we gave them the wood and
pitch with which the Spaniards made the boats. And when they conquered the Mexica and all belonging to them, we never
abandoned them or left them behind in it. And when they went to conquer Michoacan, Jalisco, and Colhuacan, and there
at Panuco and there at Oaxaca and Tchuantepec and Guatemala, [we were] the only ones who went along while they conquered
and made war here in New Spain until they finished the conquest; we never abandoned them, in no way did we prejudice
their war- making, though some of us were destroyed in it [there was no one as deserving as we], for we did our duty very
well. But as to those Tlaxcalans, several of their nobles were hanged for making war poorly; in many places they ran
away, and often did badly in the war. In this we do not lie, for the conquerors know it well.
Our lord sovereign,
we also say and declare before you that your fathers the twelve sons of St. Francis reached us, whom the very high priestly
ruler the Holy Father sent and whom you sent, both taking pity on us so that they came to teach us the gospel, to teach
us the holy Catholic faith and belief, to make us acquainted with the single deity God our Lord, and likewise God favored
us and enlightened us, us of Huejotzingo, who dwell in your city, so that we gladly received them
...
An Eighteenth- Century
Nahua Testimony
The text asserts that in 1531 their
chief had taken possession of their communal lands.
...
It is obvious how they
punish the revered lords of the towns, those who were in charge of the people, who had the rod [symbol of authority];
it is clear how they are put in prison, because the men of Castile are not satisfied with what they are given, and [they]
do not surrender their gold nor their precious stones.
It is well known how they jeer at our revered women and daughters. They
are not quiet, except solely with gold and precious stones. They make fun of the wives of those who ruled. They are not
quiet but when they burn the others, as they burned alive the greatly revered lord of Michoacan, the great Caltzontzin.
Thus they behaved with other great lords who were in charge, who ruled there in Xalapan, TlaxcaIan, Tecuantepec, Oaxyacac,
and [other] towns and chiefdoms where the envious, gold-hungry Christians also entered.... How much blood was shed!
It was our fathers' blood! And what for? Why was it done? Learn it once and for all: because they want to impose themselves
upon us, because they are utterly gold hungry, voracious of what belongs to others: our chiefdoms, our revered women and daughters,
and our lands.
It is known that the Castilian Cortes, the recently named Marques del Valle, was authorized, there
in Castile, to come to distribute our lands. Thus it is said ... that secretly the lord Marques will come to take our
lands, take possession of ourselves and establish new towns. And where will they throw us? Where will they place us? A
very great sadness afflicts us. What will we do, my sons?
Still my heart recovers. I [i.e., the supposed founder
of the city] remember, I will establish a town here ... on the slopes of Axochco mountain, in Xaltipac [On the Sand's
Surface]. Because from down there to here is the place of the men of Axochco. From down there on, this land is ours,
it was left to us by our grandfathers, it was their property since ancient times.
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And Native Allies!
Then the great captain
Tzilacatzin arrived, bringing with him three large, round stones of the kind used for building walls. He carried one
of them in his hand; the other two hung from his shield. When he hurled these stones at the Spaniards, they turned and
fled the city.
Tzilacatzin's military rank was that of Otomi, and he clipped his hair in the style of the Otomies."
He scorned his enemies, Spaniards as well as Indians; they all shook with terror at the mere sight of him.
When
the Spaniards found out how dangerous he was, they tried desperately to kill him. They attacked him with their swords and spears,
fired at him with their crossbows and arquebuses, and tried every other means they could think of to kill or cripple him. Therefore
he wore various disguises to prevent them from recognizing him.
Sometimes he wore his lip plug, his gold earrings
and all the rest of his full regalia, but left his head uncovered to show that he was an Otomi. At other times he wore
only his cotton armor, with a thin kerchief wrapped around his head. At still other times, he put on the finery of the
priests who cast the victims into the fire: " a plumed headdress with the eagle symbol on its crest, and gleaming gold bracelets
on both arms, and circular bands of gleaming gold on both ankles.
The Spaniards came back again the next day. They
brought their ships to a point just off Nonohualco, close to the place called the House of Mist. Their other troops
arrived on foot, along with the Tlaxcaltecas. As soon as they had formed ranks, they charged the Aztec warriors.
The
heaviest fighting began when they entered Nonohualco. None of our enemies and none of our own warriors escaped harm. Everyone
was wounded, and the toll of the dead was grievous on both sides. The struggle continued all day and all night.
Only
three captains never retreated. They were contemptuous of their enemies and gave no thought whatever to their own safety.
The first of these heroes was Tzoyectzin; the second, Temoctzin; and the third, the great Tzilacatzin.
At last
the Spaniards were too exhausted to keep on fighting. After one final attempt to break the Aztec ranks, they withdrew to
their camp to rest and recover, with their allies trailing behind.
http://www.ambergriscaye.com/pages/mayan/aztec.html
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The Quetzal-Owl
Cuauhtemoc consulted with a group of his captains and
then called in a great captain named Opochtzin, who was a dyer by trade. They dressed him in the finery of the Quetzal
owl, which had belonged to King Ahuitzotl. Then Cuauhtemoc said to him: "This regalia belonged to my father, the great
warrior Ahuitzotl. Terrify our enemies with it. Annihilate our enemies with it. Let them behold it and tremble."
The
captain Tlacotzin said: "Mexicanos, the power of Huitzilopochtli resides in this finery. Loose the sacred arrow at our
enemies, for it is the Serpent of Fire, the Arrow that Pierces the Fire. Loose it at the invaders; drive them away with
the power of Huitzilopochtli. But shoot it straight and well, for it must not fall to earth. And if it should wound
one or two of our foes, then we shall still have a little time left and a chance to conquer their.. Now, let us see what the
god's will may be! "
The siege of Tenochtitlan, according to the histories, paintings and chronicles, lasted
exactly eighty days. Thirty thousand men from the kingdom of Tezcoco were killed during this time, of
the more than 200,000 who fought on the side of the Spaniards. Of the Aztecs, more than 240,000
were killed. Almost all of the nobility perished: there remained alive only a few lords and knights and the little children.
Soldiers in New Spain
. . . .
The soldiers of the frontier essentially can be separated into three categories;
the tropas veteranas, or European infantry and dragoons, the soldiers of the country, commonly represented by the soldados
de cuera, or leather jacket soldiers, and the Indian auxilaries drawn from friendly tribes and Mission Indians.
The
soldier of the period was generally illiterate, drawn from the lower rungs of Spanish society. On the frontier his value
increased. In New Spain he had more opportunity to move upwards in the caste system through military service and valor.
http://www.soldados.us/2ndCat/NewSpSold.htm
'Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.' George Orwell, 1984.
Germs, Plagues,
Famine,
For More Information, Read:
The Disastrous
14th Century The Black Death
Boccaccio, The Decameron, Introduction
The onset of the Black Death was described
by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375).
Spanish
and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in the Conquest of Mexico:
Movie: Black Robe
The
Black Robe is a sprawling recreation of a turbelent period in Canadian history. In 1634, Jesuit missionary Father Laforgue
(Lothair Bluteau) arrives in the New World, hoping to convert the Huron Indian tribe to Catholicism-and, incidentally, to
expedite the French colonization of Quebec. Laforgue is regarded with a combination of warmth and wariness by the natives,
who refer to Laforgue and his fellow priests as "black robes". Offering his services as both guide and friend is Algonquin
chief Chomina (August Schellenberg). The by-the-book Laforgue does little to endear himself to the Indians-one of whom, a
holy man, labels the priest as a demon who will bring nothing but death and destruction. The one who suffers most is Chomina,
the man who most desires peaceful coexistence. In an ironic coda, we learn that the "black robes" have set into motion the
fall of the Hurons, simply by imposing their Christian values upon them.
http://movies.aol.com/movie/main.adp?tab=synop&mid=17415&ncid=AOLMOV00170000000007
CARACAS, Venezuela
(Reuters) - Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez urged Latin Americans on Saturday not to celebrate Columbus Day, saying the 1492
discovery of the Americas triggered a 150-year "genocide" of native Indians by foreign conquerors who behaved "worse than
Hitler."
No Cheers for Columbus, Says Venezuela's
Chavez Sat Oct 11, 4:21 PM ET Add World -
SAN FRANCISCO, California (AP) --
A research team backed by a federal grant has created a genetically engineered mousepox virus designed
to evade vaccines, underscoring biotechnology's deadly potential and stirring debate over whether such research plays into
the hands of terrorists.
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND ITS CUTANEOUS
MANIFESTATIONS
Thomas W. McGovern, MD, MAJ, MC
George W. Christopher, LTC, USAF, MC
‘Biological Warfare’ (BW) is defined
as the ’employment of biological agents to produce casualties in man or animals or damage to plants.’[91] An early
BW attack took place in the Black Sea port of Kaffa (now Feodossia, Ukraine) in 1346. Rats and their fleas carried the disease
to attacking Tatar soldiers. In spite, the Tatars catapulted the bodies of victims at the defending Genoese who contracted
plague and left Kaffa. The same rats afflicting the Tatars likely brought disease to the Genoese.[5]
Another attempted use of biological warfare occurred
between 1754 and 1767 when the British infiltrated smallpox-infested blankets to unsuspecting American Indians during the
French and Indian war. Smallpox decimated the Indians, but it is unclear if the contaminated blankets or endemic disease brought
by the Europeans caused these epidemics.[
http://www.telemedicine.org/BioWar/biologic.htm
New Tuskegee experiment planned with pneumococcal
pneumonia vaccine
by Bart Classen
http://www.iahf.com/20000222a.html
Discovering the Hanta Virus - "The
power of oral history combined with biomedical investigative techniques was displayed during the 1993 Hanta virus epidemic
in Navajo country. In June of 1993, 15 tribal healers met with IHS and CDC biomedical professionals to discuss possible
causes of the "mystery illness". To the Navajo, any excess is a form of disharmony. Excess rain and snow had fallen that winter
and brought an abundance of pinion nuts and new vegetation. Navajo oral tradition mentions three times that this has happened
in recent history: 1918, 1933, and 1993. Many Navajos died of sudden and powerful diseases each time. Elders cited the
abundant pinion crop and a high rodent population as the cause. This reference led investigators to find the answer
to the "mystery illness" within a matter of days by testing rodent feces and urine samples.
http://www.epa.gov/osp/tribes/sciinf/waysknow.htmWhat is the Hanta virus? Hanta virus is a fast acting
disease that can affect humans. It is transmitted by airborne particles originating with deer mice. Unless an individual
is working in a confined space where mice exist, it is unlikely that the disease can be transmitted. The virus cannot survive
without moisture and our dry climate kills particles of the virus in mouse urine as soon as the urine is dry. Hanta virus
is recognized by flu-like symptoms and a buildup of fluid in the lungs.
Is Hanta virus only found on the
reservation? Hanta virus was named for a river in Korea! It occurs in many states. The Four Corners became associated
with it because of an outbreak in a small hamlet in northwest New Mexico, Once the illness was identified, cases were
discovered in many other states.
http://www.navajocentral.org/faq02b.htm
Jeffrey1 Amherst and Smallpox Blankets:
Smallpox blankets Despite his
fame, Jeffrey Amherst's name became tarnished by stories of smallpox-infected blankets used as germ warfare against American Indians.
These stories are reported, for example, in Carl Waldman's Atlas of the North American Indian [NY: Facts on File, 1985].
Waldman writes, in reference to a siege of Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) by Chief Pontiac's forces during the summer of 1763:
...
Captain Simeon Ecuyer had bought time by sending smallpox- infected blankets and handkerchiefs to the Indians surrounding
the fort -- an early example of biological warfare -- which started an epidemic among them. Amherst himself had encouraged
this tactic in a letter to Ecuyer. [p. 108] Some people have doubted these stories; other people, believing the stories,
nevertheless assert that the infected blankets were not intentionally distributed to the Indians, or that Lord Jeff himself is
not to blame for the germ warfare tactic.
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/amherst/lord_jeff.html
__________________________________
Blackbird's History ... The practice
of smallpox inoculation is dated to the eleventh century in China and was known in Africa and the Middle East. Translations
of Chinese medical treatises were a major means of promoting smallpox inoculation in eighteenth-century Europe and the
Americas.1 The "mouldy particles" that Andrew Blackbird says caused an infection among the Ottawa Indians sound remarkably
like the infectious matter introduced in the process of inoculation. Chinese medical textbooks offer descriptions of
classic inoculation procedures. The Golden Mirror of Medicine, for instance, describes four methods of smallpox inoculation;
two of them are as follows: (1) The nose is plugged with powdered smallpox scabs laid on cotton wool... (2) ... The
powdered scabs are put into the end of a silver tube which is about six or seven inches long and curved at the end. The
scabs are blown into the nose. (Hume 140) [pp. 144-145]
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/amherst/jaskoski.html_______________________________ The Fall of Empires: Variola Rex and
the Course of History
Smallpox greatly affected the development of western civilization. The first stages of
the decline of the Roman Empire, around AD 180, coincided with a large-scale epidemic: the plague of Antonine, which killed
between 3.5 and 7 million persons [9,10]. The Arab expansion, the Crusades, and the discovery of the West Indies all contributed
to the spread of the illness. Unknown in the New World, smallpox was introduced by Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors.
It decimated the local population and was instrumental in the fall of the empires of the Aztecs and the Incas. When
the Spanish arrived in 1518, Mexico had about 25 million inhabitants; by 1620, this number had diminished to 1.6 million
[11]. A similar decrease occurred on the eastern coast of what became the United States, where the advent of smallpox had disastrous
consequences for the native population [12], and the disease continued to be spread through the relentless process of European
colonization [13]. The devastating effect of smallpox gave rise to one of the first examples of biological warfare. In
a letter written to Colonel Henry Bouquet in 1763, Sir Jeffrey Amherst, commander-in-chief of British forces in North
America, suggested grinding the scabs of smallpox pustules into blankets that were to be distributed among disaffected
tribes of Indians [14,15]. The slave trade also contributed to the introduction of the illness in the Americas because
many slaves came from regions of Africa in which smallpox was endemic [16].
http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/127/8_Part_1/635____________________________ OF ARMS AND MEN; A History of War, Weapons,
and Aggression Robert L. O'Connell A wide-ranging study which integrates the evolution of politics, weapons, strategy,
and tactics into a coherent narrative of warfare from prehistoric times to the nuclear age, and how weapons have made human
qualities irrelevant in combat. 1989: 367 pages, illustrated. Softcover. (Oxford)
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195053605/inktomi-bkasin-20/ref%3Dnosim/002-4918247-6840866
Check out also the Book: Of
Wolves and Men pp.170-171 Author: Lopez, Barry
http://www.worldhistoryhub.com/OF_WOLVES_AND_MEN_0684163225.htmlWINTER WARFARE http://www.ncweb.com/~davecurry/brothers/ardennes.html
Invasion:
Friars:
For More Information, Read:
Don Vasco de Quiroga
"Religious Orders, The Indian, And The Conquest: Fifty Years of Dispute
and Contradiction"
by Maria Paz Haro, Translated by James Dunlap http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/HARO-01.ART
Recordemos que los indígenas de Bolivia, cuando dieron
al Papa una Biblia, le dijeron:
“Esta Biblia también hizo muchas barbaridades,
y también ella está entre las causas de la pobreza que vive el indio. Las armas de Portugal y de España, sin la Biblia, no
hubieran podido hacer nada”
Deuteronomy and Ethnocide/and Genocide
7:1 When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither
thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites,
and the Canaanites, and the Perrizites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than
thou;
7:2 And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee, thou shalt smite them and utterly destroy them,
thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy to them:
7:16 And thou shalt consume all the people which
the LORD thy God shall deliver to thee; thy eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for
that will be a snare to thee.
http://www.bibledatabase.com/exec/online/webster/05_007.htm20:16 But of the cities of these people which the LORD
thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:
20:17 But thou shalt
utterly destroy them, namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the
Jebusites, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:
http://www.bibledatabase.com/exec/online/webster/05_020.htm
Montesinos In His Own Words:
SECOND SUNDAY OF ADVENT, 1511--"I am
the voice of one crying in the wilderness...You are in mortal sin and live and die in it because of the cruelty and
tyranny that you use against these innocent peoples. Tell me, by what right, with what justice do you hold these Indians in
such cruel and horrible servitude? On what authority have you waged such detestable wars on these peoples, in their mild
and peaceful lands, where you have consumed such infinitudes of them, wereaking upon them this death and unheard-of
havoc?....And what care do you take that anyone catechize them, so that they may come to know their God and Creator,
be patized, hear Mass, observe Sundays and Holy Days? Are they not human beings? Have they no rational souls? Are you
not obligated to love them as you love yourselves? Do you not understand this?...How is it that you sleep so soundly, so lethargically?"
http://www.domlife.org/history02.html
Franciscus de Victoria, De Indis: Reading Guide Copyright
© 1996 R.J. Kilcullen
The Spanish Debate On the Americas
Juan Ginés De Sepulveda
I turn to Simplicity, I turn again to Purity!
¡De nican para tech quixtizque xtopa tech mictizque! De aquí para poder sacarnos, primero tendrán que matarnos!
Since 1521. Ce-Tekpa Toltekoa. All Materials
are Created and Designed by: Mexican-Jaguar Revolutionary Front©; Mexican-Jaguar Revolutionaries © Formation of the Mexican-Jaguar Military -Lodge(c) The Immortal
and Powerful Mexican-Jaguars©
I Heard Nothing! .... I Saw Nothing!
H8
A.K. MX-JGS 4.7
PERRO MUNDO!!
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