Ancient: Mexican /Nicaraguan/
& Monte Verde [Chile] Footprints:
'Footprints' debate to run and run
Monte Verde Fallout The Monte Verde, Chile
area is Carbon dated to earlier than this date
and the findings are verified by a nine person team from the National
Geographic
Society and the Dallas Museum of Natural History. Even
the most skeptical now agree that mans arrived North America
before
20,000 B.C.(*) This site contain dwellings, a piece of mastodon
meat, a child's foot print among 700 other
artifacts and suggest
occupation from about 30,000 B.C. These people lived in long houses
built on log foundations.
The have trade goods from distant regions
as far as 150 miles away. They used 45 different editable plants
including
potatoes suggesting their harvest approaches agriculture.
(*) French Archeologists suggest the arrival of humans to America
predates
50,000 B.C.
INDIAN HISTORY
From Archeaological Site to National Monument: Chile's Monte Verde
Ancient Middle America
Texas A&M anthropologist studies ancient human footprints
Related Reading
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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On an ancient human footprint from Nicaragua (Library of Fathers of
the holy Catholic church)
by Daniel Garrison Brinton
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
Geological observations on the ancient human footprints near
Managua, Nicaragua: (In Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Contributions
to American anthropology and history (Research
memorandum ; RM-2170-RC)
by Howel Williams
Close by a lake
near Managua, Nicaragua are perhaps the most famous
footprints in the Americas. They lie under eleven strata of solid
rock
from 16-24 feet under the surface. Heated debate about the age
of the prints has gone on for almost a century. Initially
they were
dated about 200,000 years old, but since the feet were perfectly
modern the age was reduced to older than
50,000 years. The only
geologist to visit the scene at the initial discovery also found
traces of domesticated dogs
and horses with the prints - an
impossible situation to resolve.
Close by a lake near Managua, Nicaragua are perhaps the most famous
footprints in the Americas
In 1884, Earl
Flint, a geologist representing the Peabody Museum and
Harvard University, discovered in a rock quarry near Managua,
Nicaragua,
on the shores of Lake Gilva, a layer containing fossilized
human tracks, 16 to 24 feet below the surface. Flint described
the
tracks in these words, written in 1884:
"The footprints are from one-half to three inches in depth and none
exceeded
eighteen inches. Some of the impressions are nearly closed,
the soft surface falling back into the impression, and a crevice
about
two inches in width is all one sees, and my first glance at
some parallel to one less deep, gave me an idea that the owner
of the
latter was using a stave to assist him in walking. In some the
substance flowed outward, leaving a ridge around
it - seen in one
secured for the museum; the stride is variable, owing to the size of
the person, and the changing nature
of the surface passed over. The
longest one uncovered was seventeen inches, length of foot ten
inches, and width four
inches, feet arched, steps in a right line,
measured from center of heel to center of great toe over three steps.
The
people making them were going both ways in a direction consonant
to that of the present lake shore east and west, more
or less."
Among these, and others in nearby sites, Flint found examples of both
barefoot and well-defined sandaled-foot
impressions. All were
geologically dated as being over 200,000 years of age. Now supposedly
at this remote time, man
was nothing more than a naked, hairy
creature, capable of chipping a few flints and just beginning to
overcome his fear
of fire. In sharp contrast, the Nicaragua finds
reveal the intelligent use of a walking stick, and the wearing of
sandals
that appear to have been best designed for both comfort and
protection. We are confronted here with not just the footprint
of a
half-beast, but rather the footprint of a civilized being.
Muddy footprints across the face of time
Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas
Archaeological Sites
The Southwest United Stated:
Bear Ruin
Cameron Creek Village
Galaz Ruin
Harrris Village
Mattocks Ruin
Mogollon Village
Starkweather
Ruin
SU site
Swart's Ruin
Casa Grande
Grewe Site
Los Muertos
Roosevelt 9:6
Snaketown
Tonto
National Monument
Burnet Cave
Clovis
Cochise sites
Folsom
Gypsum Cave
Lindenmeier Site
Sandia
Cave
San Jon
Tabeguache Cave
Yuma
Alaska:
Old Crow
North America:
Canada:
Debert Nova Scotia
U.S.A:
Santa Rosa Island
Bat Cave
Folsom
Clovis
Meadowcroft
Rockshelter
Mexico:
Lake Patzcuaro
Mexico City
Valsequillo
Tehuacan valley
Tlapacoya
Meso-America:
El Bosque
Peru:
Pikimachay (Flea cave)
Venezuela:
Taima-Taima
Brazil:
Abrigo do Sol
Argentina:
Los Toldos Cave
Fell's Cave
South America's Major Physiographic Areas:
Coastal Plains
Sabana de Bogota
Orinoco Lowlands
Guyana Highlands
Amazonian Lowlands
Andean Chain
Brazilian Highlands
Llanos
Altiplano
Gran Chaco
La Plata Basin
Plateau
Pampas
Patagonia
The Distribution of known Archaeological sites in Northwestern
South America:
Lake Madden
Bahia Gloria
Medelin
Jurubida/ Utria
Baudo
Pomares
Media Luna
Manzanillo
Cosinas
Caucasia
Chucuri
San Silvestre
Trapo Marsh
Sueva
El Abra
Tibito
Facatativa
Sabana de Bogota
Tequendama
Nemocon
Restrepo
La Plata
La Elvira
Pachingo
San Isidro
Tolonta
Monte Cano
El Cayude
Coro Plain
Cucuruchu
Muaco
Rio Pedregal
Taima-Taima
Pe`na Roja
Cerro Ilalo
El Inga/ San Jose
Las Vegas
Chobshi Cave
Cubilan
The Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites in Western
South America:
Talara Tar Seeps
Pampa de los Fosiles
Quebrada Cupisnique
Quebrada Santa Maria
Nanchoc
Paijan
Cueva Guitarrero
Quishqui Puncu
Cueva Huargo
Mongoncillo
Cueva Lauricocha
Pampa de Junin
Chivateros
Ancon
Ayacucho
La Cumbre
Quirihuac Shelter
Cueva Pachamachay
Cueva Telarmachay
Cueva Uchumachay
Cueva Toquepala
Cueva Pichimachay
Asana Site
Patapatanel
Las Cuevas
Tojo-Tojone
Viscachani
Quebrada Jaguay
Ring Site
Quebrada Tacahuay
Camarones
Tilivichel
Hakenasa
Aragon
Sala de Talabre
Chulqui
Tuina
San Lorenzo
Las Conchas
Pichasca
Quereo
Huentelauquen
Cuchipuy
Tagua-Tagua
Ca`nete
Queule
Temuco
Nochaco
Rio Bueno
Monte Verde
Aysen
Cerro Casa de Piedra
Cueva Lago Sofia
Cueva del Medio
Cueva del Milodon
Ponsomby
Cueva Cerro Sota
Cueva Fell /Bahia Buena
Cueva Palli Aike
Englefield
Tres Arroyos
Punta Baja
Punta Santa Ana
Marazzi
The Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites in Eastern
and Southern South America:
Monte Alegre
Boqueirao de Pedra Furada
Sitio de Meio
Bom Jardin
Toca de Esperanca
Lapa de Boquete
Lapa dos Bichos
Abrigo do Sol
Santana do Riacho
Lagoa Santa
Lapa Vermelha IV
Alice Boer
Itapiranga
Rio Uruguay
RS-I-50
RS-Q2
Rio Grande do Sul
Lobos
Ayampitin
Rio Tercero
Salto Grande
Cueva Intihuasi
San Cayeta-No
Cabo Polonio
Santa Teresa
Valizas
La Crucecita
Cerro el Sombrero
Cueva de Tixi
Cerro Largo
Tacuarembio
Cerro la China
Arroyo Pinto
La Moderna
Paseo Otero
Arroyo Seco
Rio Sauce Chico
Cueva Epullan
Rio Limay
Cueva Cuyin Manazano
Cueva Traful
Buho
Cueva Arroyo Feo
Cueva de los Manos
Rio Pintura
Cueva las Guanacas
Caleta Olivia
Los Toldos
Piedra Museo
El Ceibo
Las Buitreras
Abrigo de los Pescadores
Punta Maria
Estancia Maria Luisa
Rancho Donata
Isla de los Estados
Guides To Mound Sites In North-America
Guides to Eastern Woodlands Sites:
Ohio Historical Center, Newark Earthworks State Memorial,
Flint Ridge State Memorial, Sunwatch Indian Village, Indian Mound Reserve Park, Hopewell Cultural National Historical
Park (Mound City), Seip Mound, Fort Ancient State Memorial (In Warren County), Serpent Mound (In Adams County), Miamisburg
Mound (in Montgomery county), Forty Hill State Memorial (In Highland County), Leo Petroglyph (In Jackson County), Marietta
(see Conus in the Mount Cemetery), Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (Near East St. Louis, Illinois, Missouri), Albany Mounds
State Park (in Albany), Indian Mounds Park (in Quincy), Millstone Bluff (Mississippi), Piney Creek Ravine Nature Preserve
(in Randolph County), Field Museum of Natural History (in Chicago), The Illinois State Museum (in Springfield), The Dickson
Mounds Museum (in Lewistown),
Angel Mounds State Historic Site (in Indiana), Mounds State
Park (in Anderson and Adena ... see 'The Great Mound,' and 'Adena' small circular earthworks), Tootlesboro State Park (in
Southeastern Iowa), Effigy Mounds National Monument (in Northeastern Iowa), Grand Mound State Historic Site (in Minnesota--Near
the Canadian Border), Jeffers Petroglyphs State Historic Site, St. Paul's Indian Mounds Park (overlooking the Mississippi
river), Graham Cave Historic Site (in St. Louis Missouri), the Mastodon State Historic Site (the Kimmswick site), Washington
State Park (see Prehistoric Petroglyphs), Towosahgy State Historic Site (in Missouri's Bootheel ... largest mound of a Mississippian
site known as: Lilbourn), Aztalan State Park (in Southeastern Wisconsin ... Mounds can be seen in many
other places, such as on the grounds of Beloit College, and the University of Wisconsin, as well as in the Wyalusing
State Park near Prairie de Chien, Perrot State Park near Trempealeau, the Lizard Mounds County Park near West Bend, the Indian
Mounds and Trail Park near Fort Atkinson, the Man Mound County Park near Baraboo, and the Indian Mound Park in Sheboygan.
There are Petroglyphs at the Roche-A-Cri State Park south of Wisconsin Rapids).
SouthEast
The Moundville Archaeological Park near Tuscaloosa,
Alabama. There is also a mound in Florence. Impressive rockshelter can be seen in the Russel Cave Monument.
Shell Mound Park (on the Dauphine Island at the mouth of Mobile Bay). Parkin Archaeological State Park (in Arkansas), the
Toltec Mounds Archaeological State Park, Lake Jackson Mounds (in Talahassee, Florida), The Mission San Luis de Apalachee (in
Florida), Indian Temple Mound Museum and Park (in Fort Walton), Fort George Island Cultural State Park (near Jacksonville),
Crystal River State Archaeological Park (near Tampa), Philippe Park (in Safety Harbor), Mound Key State Archaeological Site
(near Fort Myers), Randall Research Center (in Pineland), Hontoon Island State Park (near Deland), Canaveral National Seashore
(near Smyrna), the Florida Museum of Natural History (in Gainesville ... at the University of Florida), the Etowah
Indian Mounds State Historic Site (in Georgia ... a short drive from Atlanta), the Ocmulgee National Monument (in Macon),
the Kolomoki Mounds State Historic Site (near Blakely), The Rock Eagle Mound (in the Rock Eagle 4-H Center near Eatonton),
Fort Mountain State Park, Track Rock Gap (in the Chattahoochee National Forest), Wickliffe Mounds Research Center Archaeological
Site (in Western Kentucky), Indian Fort Mountain (near Berea), Central Park (in Ashland), Poverty Point State Historic Site
(in Northeastern Louisiana), Marksville State Historic Site (in a town of the same name), Grand Village of the Natchez Indians
(in Natchez, Mississippi), Bynum Mounds, Emerald Mound, Winterville Mounds State Park (just outside Greenville), Nanih Waiya
State Historical Site, Town Creek Indian Mound (near Mt. Gilead in North Carolina), the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Park (on
the Eastern edge of Oklahoma), Creek Council House, Santee National Wildlife Refuge, (near Santee, South Carolina) Edisto
Beach State Park, Pinson Mounds State Archaeological Park (in Tennessee), the Old Stone Fort Archaeological Site (outside
Manchester), Shiloh National Military Park, Chucalissa Archaeological Museum (in Memphis), the Frank H. Chucalissa Archaeological
Museum (in Memphis), the Frank H. McClung Museum (in Knoxville at the University of Tennessee).
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic:
American Museum of Natural History in New York and the
National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution ... Washington D.C.), the State Museum of Pennsylvania (in Harrisburg)
and the New York State Museum (in Albany, has fine displays of life in prehistoric times), a reconstruction of an Iroquois
longhouse can be seen at the Ganondagan State Historic Site near Rochester, New York. the Grave Creek Mound Historic
Site in Moundsville, West Virginia.
Canada:
Canadian Museum of Civilization (in Hull, Quebec),
Serpent Mounds Parks (in Ontario) and Petroglyphs Provincial Park (near Peterborough), Southwold Earthworks National
Historic Site (near St. Thomas), Manitou Mounds National Historic Site (near Stratton), Lawson prehistoric Village (at the
London Museum of Archaeology), Ska-Nah-Doht (near London), and the Crawford Lake Conservation Area (a short drive southwest
of Toronto) ... here you can see what life was like in an Iroquoian village.
Tlaloc: Long Nose God of Chichen Itza
Descubren cráneo de mastodonte en El Salvador
Lauri
García Dueñas
EFE
17 de julio de 2005
SAN SALVADOR.— La extracción de un cráneo de mastodonte joven
que
vivió hace 2.7 millones de años de la ribera del río Tomayate ha
revelado que un enorme tesoro, envuelto en lodo,
todavía sigue
oculto en ese lugar.
La recuperación del cráneo se realizó el martes pasado, luego de que
un aviso
de tormenta alertara al grupo de dos paleontólogos y tres
técnicos salvadoreños encargados del proyecto de que no podían
esperar
más tiempo, ya que una corriente de agua amenazaba con
arrebatarles el valioso regalo prehistórico.
Así, auxiliados
por una balsa deportiva de plástico, el equipo
trasladó el cráneo de 160 kilogramos, 81 centímetros de largo, 60 de
alto
y 50 de ancho, medio kilómetro río abajo, donde el fósil
desembarcó sano y salvo.
El ejemplar había sido descubierto
dos semanas antes en la ribera
del Tomayate, a 20 kilómetros al norte de San Salvador, pero no será
hasta dentro de
unos tres meses, luego de quitarle el sedimento,
cuando podrá ser exhibido en el Museo de Historia Natural de la
capital.
El
cráneo del mastodonte joven (tenía unos 28 o 30 años cuando
murió) se unirá a otros dos cráneos, uno de caballo y otro
de
perezoso gigante, que fueron encontrados en 2001 también en la
ribera del mismo río.
Según relató a EFE el
jefe de la unidad paleontológica del Consejo
Nacional para la Cultura y el Arte (CONCULTURA), Mario Romero, un
habitante
de la zona descubrió el rico yacimiento de fósiles hace
cuatro años.
"El descubrimiento fue hecho por Teófilo Reyes
Chavarría, él iba
caminando por aquí, andaba buscando garrobos (reptiles parecidos a
la iguana que se comen en El Salvador)
y frutas. Parece que uno de
los garrobos se escondió aquí y siguiéndolo encontró el molar del
mastodonte", explicó.
Hasta
la fecha, el equipo explorador ha dado con un total de 1,300
piezas de fósiles, tres de éstas son cráneos. Los huesos pertenecen
a
tortugas, cocodrilos, perezosos gigantes, camellos, venados, aves
y gliptodontes (especie de armadillo del tamaño de un
automóvil).
Entornando los ojos, el paleontólogo mira las capas de tierra donde
el grupo de técnicos van desenterrando
más piezas del mastodonte
joven. Con su mirada y palabras emocionadas trata de describir cómo
era hace millones de años
la ribera del río Tomayate.
Romero relató que los huesos encontrados datan del pleistoceno, una
de las primeras
edades glaciales en la que "los pastizales se
congelan, el clima es inhóspito y los animales tienen que emigrar
hasta
climas cálidos", explicó el experto.
En ese entonces, el río Tomayate era un cauce de agua caudaloso
donde los animales
que emigraban de Norte y Sudamérica se
encontraban en lo que el paleontólogo llama "el clímax del
encuentro".
Un
evento "catastrófico" al parecer llevó a los cientos de huesos de
animales hasta la ribera del río, ya que el experto asegura
que los
animales no murieron ahí.
Actualmente, a lo largo de 30 metros a la orilla del Tomayate, late
el testimonio
de esa era lejana.
El director del Museo de Historia Natural de El Salvador y jefe de
la expedición, Daniel Aguilar,
tampoco puede disimular su emoción
ante el descubrimiento que, a su juicio, es de gran importancia para
los anales científicos
de toda Centroamérica y México.
Aguilar aseguró que podría pasar "los próximos 100 años" excavando
en el lugar y
descubriendo más fósiles, pero también matizó que el
reto principal es la conservación y preservación de este patrimonio.
Mientras
tanto, el río y el lodo se extienden apenas a un metro de
los excavadores y Aguilar recuerda que muchas veces han tenido
que
"salir corriendo" cuando la corriente de agua crece por las
lluvias, siguiendo su curso sin descanso, desde la era glacial.
http://www.laopinion.com/latinoamerica/?rkey=00050716153300798584
| Copan, Honduras. Stela B - 731 A.D. |
Bones puzzle archeologists
Mexican bones seem to predate Clovis finds
The catch: Homo erectus
is believed to have died out 100,000 to
200,000 years ago — tens of thousands of years before men are
believed
to have reached the Americas.
Archaeologists never have found a trace of Homo erectus in the
Americas.
......
Until
recently, most U.S. archaeologists believed that the first
Americans arrived about 13,500 years ago when a temporary land
corridor
opened across the Bering Strait.
...
A sometimes-vehement minority still holds to that "Clovis first"
position.
The evidence of what could have come before remains sparse, scattered and controversial. Archaeologists have proposed possible
alternative routes to the Americas — across the Pacific from Asia or Australia, across the Atlantic from Europe or Africa
— though most say a trip from northeast Asia is most likely, perhaps by people advancing along a frozen coast in small
boats.
...
The evidence for earlier human habitation in the Americas, however
scanty, is tantalizing. It
includes:
A possible hand scraper splotched with blood more than 34,000 years
ago at Monte Verde in Chile.
Possible
stone tools at a site in Brazil that is 40,000 to 50,000
years old.
A not-yet-published report of human remains
dated as much as 28,000
years old near Puebla in central Mexico.
...
A claim of 250,000-year-old human tools
near Mexico's Valsequillo
reservoir was widely laughed at in the 1970s, though other
researchers once again are working
at that area.
....
The Hidden History of the Human Race
by Michael A. Cremo and Richard L. Thompson
Sample Chapter
http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ghi/hhhrchap.html
ADVANCED PALEOLITHS AND EOLITHS
Discoveries of Florentino Ameghino in Argentina
Tools Found by Carlos Ameghino at Miramar, Argentina
Attempts to Discredit Carlos Ameghino
More Bolas and Similar Objects
Relatively Advanced North American Finds
Sheguiandah: Archeology as a Vendetta
Lewisville and Timlin: The Vendetta Goes On
Hueyatlaco, Mexico
Sandia Cave, New Mexico
Neolithic Tools from the California Gold Country
Evolutionary Preconceptions
|
El hombre de Tepexpan, cazando. |
El Hombre de Tepexpan
The Pericu skulls: Origins of first Americans
300,000-YEAR-OLD SITE IN BRAZIL
"Central,
Brazil -- Archaeologists excavating a cave in Brazil's
remote northeastern backlands say that they have found evidence
that
man has lived in the New World for at least 300,000 years.
"If confirmed, it would be the first proof of pre-Neanderthal
man in
the Americas and a severe blow to current theories that the first
humans came here from Asia during the last
Ice Age, only about
35,000 years ago.
"The scientists also report that they have discovered what may be
the world's
oldest astronomical observatory.
.....
"The signs of man were found in a cave called Toca da Esperanca
(Grotto
of Hope), deep in the black limestone cliffs of the Serra
Negra mountains, 1,100 miles northeast of Rio de Janeiro.
"The
site caught the interest of the scientific community after
archaeologist Maria Beltrao reported finding a stone implement
and
the cut bones of an extinct species of horse in the dig last year.
"The bones were so old that they could not
be dated by carbon-14,
which can measure about 40,000 years. The Weak Radiation Laboratory
in France tested them by
a more sensitive uraniumthorium method, and
came back with a staggering date of 300,000 years.
.....
"A cave
called Grotto of the Cosmos at nearby Xique-Xique contained
paintings of suns, stars and comets, and this is what archaeologists
believe
is the oldest astronomical observatory in the Americas.
"'There probably were at least two cultures here,' said (J.)
Labeyrie.
'One, about 10,000 years ago, made the pain tings.
Another, much older, was responsible for the artifacts.'
"In
the grotto's dim light, a red comet 4.5 feet long stretches
across the low ceiling, against a painted backdrop of stars.
Red
suns rise and set amid figures of lizards, a creature traditionally
associated with the sun.
.....
"Near
the entrance of the cave is a notch where every year,
precisely on the winter solstice (June 21 in the Southern
Hemisphere),
the sunlight enters and illuminates a red sun painted
on the slanted ceiling."
(Muello, Peter; "Find Puts Man in
America at Least 300,000 Years
Ago," Dallas Times Herald, June 16, 1987.)
Reference. In our handbook Ancient Man
you will find many additional
archeological anomalies disputing current theories about the
peopling of the New World.
Further information here.
http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf054/sf054a01.htm
|
